Combined Therapies in the Treatment of Temporomandibular Dysfunction with Degenerative Joint Disease Associated with Myofascial Pain and Bruxism

   

Susana Perdigoto^1*, João Adriano² and Eduardo Januzzi³ 

¹DDM, MSc, PhD fellow Universidad Europea Madrid
²B.Sc. in Physiotherapy, post-graduate in TMD
³PhD- Dentist- Orofacial Pain Center of the Mater Dei Hospital, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

*Corresponding author: Susana Perdigoto, DDM, MSc, PhD fellow Universidad Europea Madrid

Citation: Perdigoto S, Adriano J, Januzzi E. Combined Therapies in the Treatment of Temporomandibular Dysfunction with Degenerative Joint Disease Associated with Myofascial Pain and Bruxism. J Orthop Study Sports Med. 2(1):1-23.

Received: November 23, 2024 | Published: December  05, 2024

Copyright© 2024 genesis pub by Perdigoto S et al. (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 DEED. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International License. This allows others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the work, even commercially, as long as they credit the authors for the original creation.

Abstract

Objectives

This study aims to evaluate the effects of sequential bicompartmental viscosupplementation (VS) of the temporomandibular joints (TMJ) combined with the use of a Michigan splint [1], dry needling (DN), physiotherapy (PHT) [2-4], and the control of awake bruxism (AB) and sleep bruxism (SB). The focus is on restoring joint biomechanics, controlling degenerative joint disease, treating myofascial pain, and facilitating the patient’s functional recovery.

Materials and Methods

A 60-year-old patient diagnosed with myofascial pain with referral, osteoarthritis, osteoarthrosis, and presumed non-reducing disc displacement in both TMJ, as well as possible primary or idiopathic AB and SB [5-7], was treated using a multidisciplinary approach tailored to address the various diagnoses.

The patient underwent monthly evaluations before and after VS, including assessments of joint noise, measurement of the range-of-motion (ROM) using a millimeter ruler (Therabite), and pain assessment using the visual analog scale (VAS) [8]. Complementary diagnostic tests, such as orthopantomography and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), were conducted prior to the treatment protocol and again six months post-treatment. Myofascial pain was managed using DN and PHT [9].

Bruxism control for both SB and AB were managed with PHT. The approach to AB included counseling and the recommendation to use a mobile application "desencoste seus dentes", to increase awareness of AB (10). For SB, in addition to PHT, a Michigan splint was fabricated [11,12].

Osteoarthritis and osteoarthrosis were managed using a sequential protocol of hyaluronic acid (HA) injections. Medium molecular weight HA (Osteonil Plus, TRB Pharma) was injected into the upper compartment of the TMJ, while low molecular weight HA (Hyalart, Bagó Pharma) was alternated with medium molecular weight HA (Osteonil Plus, TRB Pharma) in the lower compartment of both TMJs. Injections were administered monthly for four months [13,14].

After each VS session and during the following week, PHT was administered, and the patient was given instructions for home exercises [15].

Results

Myofascial pain was effectively controlled, with a reduction from intense pain to an absence of pain by the end of the treatment. Control of AB was achieved, with an absence of SB symptoms observed.

Evident structural improvement in the shape and volume of the mandibular head in both TMJs, as demonstrated by CBCT. Significant increase in ROM, from an initial ROM of 30 mm to a final ROM of 44 mm, with no joint noise or pain. There was also improvement in daily functional activities, such as eating and speaking. The patient continues to undergo monthly PHT reassessments and semiannual medical evaluations.

Conclusions

Multidisciplinary therapy, incorporating sequential VS with HA in both joint compartments, combined with a Michigan splint, PHT, and control of AB and SB, was effective in treating myofascial pain and in managing osteoarthritis and osteoarthrosis.

Keywords

Viscosupplementation; Hyaluronic acid; Temporomandibular joint; Osteoarthritis; Osteoarthrosis; Myofascial pain; Bruxism; Dry needling; Physiotherapy.

Brief Summary

Clinical case report of a patient with joint and muscular temporomandibular disorder (TMD) treated through an interdisciplinary approach, based on diagnoses obtained using the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD).

Study impact

Joint and muscular TMD is highly prevalent. The use of minimally invasive, interdisciplinary therapies offers effective solutions for conditions that significantly reduce patients’ quality of life.

Abbreviations

• AB – Awake Bruxism
•  BV – Bruxism Vigilance
• CBCT – Cone Beam Computed Tomography
• CBT – Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
• DC/TMD - Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders
• DN – Dry Needling
• EMA – Ecological Momentary Assessment
• HA – Hyaluronic Acid
• LTB4 – Leukotriene B4
• OR – Odds Ratio
• PAF – Platelet-Activating Factor
• PGE2 – Prostaglandin E2
• PHT – Physiotherapy
• PRF – Platelet-Rich Fibrin
• PRP – Platelet-Rich Plasma
• RDC/TMD – Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders
• ROM – Range-of-Motion
• SAH – Sodium Hyaluronate
• SB – Sleep Bruxism
• TMD – Temporomandibular Disorder
• TMJ – Temporomandibular Joint
• VAS – Visual Analog Scale
• VS – Viscosupplementation

Introduction

The temporomandibular joints (TMJ) differ from other synovial joints in structure. Their articular surfaces are not covered by hyaline cartilage but by fibrocartilage, with a fibrocartilaginous disc positioned between these surfaces. This disc compensates for joint incongruities and facilitates both sliding and rotational movements between the bony components [16].

The disc consists of three layers of fibrocartilage. The articular surface, along with the periosteum, produces fibrocartilage to withstand loads and possesses unique reparative and adaptive properties [17]. The TMJ plays a crucial role in chewing, jaw mobility, and verbal and emotional expression [18].

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) have a global prevalence of 5% to 12% and encompass various conditions that may result in symptoms of orofacial pain and functional limitations [18].

TMD encompasses various structural and functional conditions that affect the TMJ, masticatory muscles, and associated structures [5]. The etiology of TMD is multifactorial, potentially linked to dental, medical, traumatic, psychosocial, or genetic factors [19,20]. Patients often experience physical and functional limitations, along with psychological discomfort and a reduced quality of life [21,22].

Using the DC/TMD tool, possible diagnoses for muscle dysfunction include myalgia, myofascial pain, and referred myofascial pain. The diagnosis of myofascial pain has a sensitivity of 0.84 and a specificity of 0.95 and is characterized by a history of regional pain within the past 30 days, which is exacerbated by mandibular movement during function or parafunction. The examination involves palpation to confirm the painful anatomical area, with the patient identifying the pain as familiar.

The diagnosis of referred myofascial pain has a sensitivity of 0.85 and a specificity of 0.98. It is determined through palpation, with the pain perceived outside the anatomical boundaries of the muscle being evaluated [10].

According to the 2014 DC/TMD, the diagnostic criteria for TMJ joint diseases (osteoarthritis and osteoarthrosis) include joint noise, crepitus, and limited mouth opening, with confirmation via CBCT. This imaging examination is used to detect morphological changes, such as subchondral pseudocysts in the condyle, along with evidence of erosions, sclerosis, flattening, and osteophytes in the articular eminence. In osteoarthritis, joint pain is also present among the patient's symptoms [10].

In 2018, [23], proposed an evaluation system aimed at validating a new classification of bruxism. In this model, the diagnosis of possible SB and AB is based solely on self-report. The diagnostic of probable SB and AB is determined through self-report combined with clinical inspection. Definitive SB is diagnosed through self-report, clinical inspection, and polysomnography (preferably combined with audio/video recordings), while definitive AB requires self-report, clinical inspection, and electromyography (preferably combined with additional evaluation methodologies or new ecological assessment technologies, such as ecological momentary assessment [EMA]) [23].

Various approaches exist for the treatment of referred myofascial pain. In individuals diagnosed with referred myofascial pain using the DC/TMD criteria, Joanna Cuq et al. applied mobilization techniques to the masseter, temporalis, sternocleidomastoid, and bilateral digastric muscles. Following the application of these techniques, they concluded that PHT incorporating soft tissue mobilization appears effective in relaxing the masticatory muscles in patients with TMD [24].

Antoon de Laat et al. demonstrated that a conservative approach involving counseling and PTH results in significant improvements in pain parameters and jaw function in patients with myofascial pain [25].

Manipulative techniques targeting peripheral nociceptive trigger points can alleviate chronic pain symptoms and reduce the need for medication in acute situations. An interdisciplinary approach that incorporates both pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies can decrease analgesic consumption and alleviate symptoms of myofascial dysfunction in patients with chronic conditions [26].

César Fernández-de-Las-Peñas et al. propose that trigger-point DN can reduce central nervous system excitability by diminishing peripheral nociception, lowering neuronal activity in the dorsal horn, and modulating pain-related brain regions. The effects are moderate to small and are primarily observed in the short term. Consequently, it is suggested that DN be integrated into the current pain neuroscience paradigm, in combination with pain neuroscience education, therapeutic exercise, and manual therapy [9].

The use of medications such as gabapentinoids and tricyclic antidepressants has shown a positive pharmacotherapeutic response in the management of persistent myofascial pain, even in more severe cases [27,28].

In approaching osteoarthritis, it is essential to consider that this condition is primarily characterized by degenerative changes in the articular cartilage, leading to cartilage loss and alterations in the subchondral bone. Osteoblasts exhibit several metabolic changes that can disrupt normal cell metabolism and signaling, potentially resulting in an altered extracellular matrix composition. Prostaglandins play a critical role not only in joint physiology but also in the pathogenesis of joint disorders. Furthermore, subchondral osteoblasts have been found to synthesize leukotriene B4, suggesting a role for leukotrienes in bone remodeling associated with osteoarthritis [29].

According to Tsai CM et al., CBCT is superior to simple radiographic modalities for diagnosing bone degenerative features of the TMJ, particularly in cases where standard radiographs are indeterminate. CBCT demonstrates greater reliability, sensitivity, and 6 specificities, and is therefore recommended as an effective tool for identifying TMJ osteoarthritis [30-33].

Nicolas Bazan et al. conducted a study to identify levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and platelet-activating factor (PAF) and found a strong correlation between these pain and inflammation mediators and an index of clinical joint pathology [34].

Wang X et al. suggest that intra-articular injection of HA may reduce synovitis and improve the internal environment of the TMJ [35]. Hirota measured the effects of sodium hyaluronate on the levels of arachidonic acid metabolites and cytokines related to TMJ osteoarthritis symptoms. According to Hirota, the injection of sodium hyaluronate (SAH) into the upper compartment of the TMJ significantly reduced the mean levels of leukotriene C4, 6-keto prostaglandin F1-α, prostaglandin F2-α, and interleukin 1-β, resulting in a statistically significant reduction in pain and joint noise. Mouth opening was among the parameters evaluated by Hirota, showing the most substantial improvement with HA treatment [36].

Iturriaga et al. describe that HA injections help regulate inflammatory processes associated with TMJ degenerative changes and have studied the role of mediators in the plasminogen and nitric oxide activating system [6]. In a retrospective study, Haibin Sun et al. found that HA injections into the upper and lower joint spaces led to improvements in the clinical dysfunction index, increased mouth opening amplitude, and reduced pain levels. However, no reduction in condylar bone alterations was observed in CBCT evaluations [8].

Januzzi et al. implemented a treatment protocol in patients diagnosed with disc displacement and/or osteoarthritis, evaluated using the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD). These patients received four monthly injections of low or medium molecular weight HA. Pain, mandibular function, CT imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, and quality of life were assessed immediately after the procedure and again six months later. Resolution of intra-articular effusion and improvements in disc morphology were observed in most patients. This VS protocol, alternating cycles of HA with different molecular weights, led to reduced pain and symptoms associated with internal TMJ disorders, as well as improved patient quality of life [13].

According to Cheng Li et al., HA injections into both compartments of the TMJ are effective for treating osteoarthritis with disc displacement without reduction. Injection of HA into the lower joint space appears to promote better remodeling and improved jaw function [37].

Cheng Li et al., in a study involving 126 patients, concluded that injections into both joint spaces of the TMJ are effective for treating TMD with degenerative changes. However, injection into the lower joint space appears to have a greater reparative effect, promoting condylar remodeling and functional improvement [38].

In a meta-analysis, Chunjie Li et al. compared the effects of HA injection in the upper joint compartment with injections in both joint compartments - or in the lower compartment. Their findings indicate that the injection technique targeting the lower TMJ space, or both compartments, has a superior effect compared to injection solely in the upper joint space [39].

The meta-analysis demonstrated that the inferior or dual-space injection technique significantly increases maximum mouth opening (p=.0001) and reduces pain intensity in the temporomandibular area by an average of 9.01 mm on the visual analog scale (p=.0001), compared to the upper space injection technique. Additionally, the procedure is considered completely safe [39].

Regarding the management of AB and SB, conservative treatments have been documented. Parafunctional habits and bruxism are considered risk factors for TMD, with an odds ratio (OR) of 4.8. Psychophysiological theory identifies stress as a determining factor in the development of bruxism and myofascial pain [40].

A correct diagnosis of the causes of bruxism is essential for identifying its origins. Although many of the variables associated with bruxism cannot be modified through prophylactic or therapeutic measures, Türp and Kuhn recommend a patient-centered 8 approach to managing SB, emphasizing self-observation, muscle relaxation, and the use of a stabilization splint (Michigan splint) [41].

Smartphone-assisted monitoring of masticatory muscle activity may have clinical relevance, potentially enabling associations between excessive muscle activity, bruxism, dysfunction, and pain that warrant further investigation and treatment through biofeedback. Mobile applications, such as Bruxapp® and Desencoste seus Dentes®, can assist in the management of AB [11,42-44].

Daytime biofeedback training aims to increase awareness of AB without disrupting sleep patterns or causing associated side effects [45-47]. DN, PHT, relaxation exercises, and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) have also been reported as effective methods for managing AB [47].

Clinical case description

Patient data

Patient: AMGC, Age: 60 years

Background: Generally healthy; history of a motorcycle accident in youth, resulting in trauma to the left TMJ.

During the initial consultation, the patient reported orofacial and cervical pain, accompanied by limited mouth opening (30 mm) that had progressively worsened, restricting chewing ability. Additionally, the patient exhibited TMJ noise with crepitus and reported pain in the left joint. At the patient's request, no analgesics or other pain-modulating medications were prescribed.

Materials and Methods

The patient provided written informed consent for the medical treatment procedure and for the scientific publication of the obtained results.

A clinical evaluation was conducted based on the DC/TMD criteria [10], yielding the following diagnoses: Myofascial pain reported in the muscles, including the superficial and deep masseters, temporalis, posterior digastric, sternocleidomastoid, and suboccipital muscles. Joint pain in the left TMJ was recorded, with a score of 10 on the VAS, indicating maximum pain severity. A probable diagnosis of osteoarthritis in the right joint and confirmed osteoarthritis in the left joint was also established.

The patient's initial ROM was 30 mm. Mouth opening and closing movements were performed without deviations but were accompanied by bilateral coarse crepitus. The end feel upon maximum opening was firm and unyielding.

The confirmation of degenerative TMJ pathology was conducted using 3D CBCT imaging with Papaya Plus® equipment from Genoray, providing a resolution of 75 microns, and analyzed using Triana software. The patient exhibited osteophytes, erosion, abrasion, subchondral pseudocysts, and destruction of the mandibular head in both TMJs, with more pronounced findings in the left TMJ [48].

The patient presents with type 3 and 4 tooth wear, as classified by Hasselkvist in 2016 [49], and reports grinding his teeth during both wakefulness and sleep. Dental erosion consistent with this description was observed. He has no associated pathologies, comorbidities, or sleep apnea. Based on this assessment and the 2018 consensus, the patient was determined to have idiopathic or primary SB and AB [23].

A multidisciplinary treatment plan was established and implemented [50-53], as outlined in the flowchart shown in (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Treatment flowchart.

The PTH treatment was administered by a single physiotherapist trained in pain management and TMD therapy, with a frequency of one session per week until September of the same year.

The PHT protocol included TMJ distraction techniques combined with ventilatory training, emphasizing diaphragmatic breathing, and stretching of the masticatory [54], cervical, and 11 shoulder girdle muscles. This was followed by exercises targeting the deep cervical muscles [55-57].

The PTH intervention details are presented in (Table 1).

Table 1: Physical therapy intervention.

Two initial DN sessions were conducted immediately before the first two physiotherapy consultations, targeting the trigger points of muscles with referred myofascial pain. In the first session, DN was applied to the masseter, temporalis, and suboccipital muscles using 40 mm disposable, sterile acupuncture needles with ethylene oxide sterilization and uncoated copper handles, as shown in (Figure 2).

Figure 2: 40 mm acupuncture needles.

The superficial portion of the masseter muscle causes referred pain to the eyebrows, upper jaw, anterior part of the eyebrow, jaw, and upper or lower molars, while the deep portion refers pain to the deeper areas of the ear and toward the TMJ region.

The following puncture technique was used: After positioning the patient supine, the muscle was cleaned with 70% alcohol, and the skin was disinfected with 4% chlorhexidine. Using flat palpation, the muscle was palpated to locate trigger points within taut bands, eliciting familiar referred pain in the ear area, outside the palpated muscle. The needle was then inserted perpendicularly to the skin, directed toward the muscle body and the trigger point (Figure 3). In this region, the technique is straightforward.

Figure 3: DN of the masseter muscle.

Note: The needle is inserted perpendicularly to the skin, targeting the body of the muscle at the trigger point.

The temporalis muscle causes referred pain perceived deep in the temporoparietal region and inside the head, often manifesting as headaches and jaw pain. For the puncture technique, the patient was positioned supine. The muscle was identified through flat palpation, and the needle was controlled with the index fingers, inserted perpendicularly into the skin toward the temporal fossa. During the puncture of this muscle, it is essential to identify and avoid the superficial temporal artery (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Puncture of the temporalis muscle.

The suboccipital muscles refer to pain that is deeply perceived from the occiput to the orbital region, with characteristics similar to tension headaches.

Only the inferior oblique muscle of the head was punctured due to the proximity of the vertebral artery above the atlas arch. The patient was positioned laterally. The muscle was punctured at the midpoint between the transverse process of C1 and the spinous process of C2. The needle was inserted perpendicularly to the skin, directed into the medial portion of the muscle and angled toward the contralateral eye, with a slight cranial-medial orientation.

Precautions

Palpate and isolate the muscle, avoiding excessive cranial or lateral angulation to prevent inadvertent penetration of the vertebral artery or foramen magnum. The suboccipital puncture technique is illustrated in Figure 5.